CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE

CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE

Application of chemistry is a key that opens up into the vast field of medicine. It is concerned with the invention, discovery, design, identification and preparation of biologically active compounds and the study of their metabolism.

DID YOU KNOW???

Researchers have carried out various investigations and with the passage of time we came across a drastic change in terms of treatment. However recently a very interesting fact has been revealed:

Green leafy vegetables contain a chemical compound called diindolylmethane (DIM). DIM is commercially available as a natural supplement for cancer prevention. Phytochemical compound found in the green leafy vegetables not only prevents from the disease but also cures cancer.

Surprisingly ionized water has showed several effects in terms of health. Clinically it has been found that ionized water may also be used to eliminate the abdominal related complaints. Yet, this information has surprised quite many people…

CHEMISTRY AND DRUGS……..

Nowadays the drugs are designed in such a way that they combat the viruses or parasites causing a certain disease. However this is where chemistry plays its essential role making sure that as the drug molecules enter the body they recognize and combine with the appropriate parasite. This ensures the appropriate reaction to occur.

Some of the examples may include:

Aspirin production is essential to make the blood thinner. Application of chemistry helps to design this drug in such a way that it produces the correct effect. Apart from making the blood thinner, it relieves pain; reduces inflammation, and lowers the fever.

Other medicinal drugs: Antipsychotic Drugs (used to calm the patient before the surgery), Antidepressant Drugs (used to cheer the mood of the people who are in depression), Antianxiety Drugs (or tranquilizers, used to reduce the felt presence of anxiety) and so on.

The application of chemistry applies not only to drugs but also to the antibiotics which is considered as the modern medicines prescribed nowadays. These antibiotics consist of various

chemical compounds that either injure the bacteria or kills it. For example, amino glycosides are antibiotics th

at are often administered into veins or muscle to treat serious bacterial infections. Some amino glycosides are also used orally to treat intestinal infections or topically to treat eye infections. Medicines, drugs or antibiotics are not the only term that describes the word

medical. The materials and equipments used also plays a vital role in the field. However, antiseptic sprays were

introduced that was used by the doctors before conducting any operation. Well

, for sure the role chemistry is never ending and is part of our life and yet still there are numerous hidden secret that still has to be revealed.

References...

http://www.thieme-chemistry.com/en/products/reference-works/pharmaceutical-substances.html

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/antibiotics/article_em.htm

http://glowing-health.com/alkaline-water/videos-aw.html

http://chemistry.about.com/od/medicalhealth/Health_Medicinal_Chemistry.htm

THE MAKING OF DIAMONDS

mummy....I want ICE-CREAM!!!!

Ice-cream is harmful? What is so bad about ice-cream?

DELICIOUS????????????

Ice-cream is harmful, but it tastes good!!! Everyone loves ice-cream, but what is so bad about it????

Let’s have a look at it!!!

Ice-cream comes from the milk of animals. Milk is a kind of excreta as it is excreted from the tit of a cow. Nowadays, we often hear that ice cream is called as not cream because we cannot prevent mucus which is from mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) to enter the milk supply.

The cows nowadays are shot up with synthetic chemical hormones to make them grow faster. As we know that ice cream is derived from a cow, so the synthetic hormones contained in the cows will affect our hormonal system as well as cause cancer in our reproductive system. If we consumed too much of ice cream, we will get Leukemia .

Apart from that, ice cream contains a lot of other chemical additives which is harmful to our health. Here are some of the chemicals which act as addictive in ice-cream:

• Diethyl glycol which is used as an emulsifier instead of eggs is also used in anti-freeze and paint removers.

• Aldehyde C-17, flavouring for cherry ice cream, is an inflammable liquid used in dyes, plastics, and rubber.

• Piperonal, used in place of vanilla, is a lice killer.

• Ethyl Acetate, a pineapple flavour, can also clean leather and textiles.

• Butyraldehyde is used in nut-flavoured ice cream and is one of the ingredients in rubber cement.

• Amyl acetate is a chemical used for banana flavour which is also used as an oil paint solvent.

• Ethyl acetate is used for pineapple flavour is a chemical which is mainly used in industry as a cleaner for leather and textiles.

Why ice-cream is so sweet?

Ice cream is sweet because it contains sucrose!!!!! There are different forms of synthetic chemical sugars and sweeteners. For instance, Sucrol, maltose, dextrose, glucose, saccharin (or Equal), aspartame (or Sweet N Low), and xylitol. The carcinogen in chemical artificial sweeteners will cause cancer and kill us directly.

What brands of ice cream are much healthier and safer for us?

They are……….

Rice Dream, Soy Dream, Carb Escapes, Freezees, Soy Delicious, Whole Soy, Tofutti, Natural Choice, and Sweet Nothings.

The brands list above use the best ingredients which include sweetener or sugar in their process of making ice-cream.

Last but not the least, ice cream has a lot of disadvantages than advantages. But, should we run away from ice-cream????????

References...

http://dinapharm.com/store/article_info.php?articles_id=203HYPERLINK "http://dinapharm.com/store/article_info.php?articles_id=203&osCsid=4748c049029a727877df21c881d8e606"&HYPERLINK "http://dinapharm.com/store/article_info.php?articles_id=203&osCsid=4748c049029a727877df21c881d8e606"osCsid=4748c049029a727877df21c881d8e606

http://www.naturalnews.com/023849_ice_cream_ingredients_chemicals.html

http://www.google.com.my/imglanding?q=ice%20cream&imgurl=http://sparklette.net/archives/829/ice-cream.jpg&imgrefurl=http://sparklette.net/food/benten-cafe/&usg=__4KCXT6D4aMSuBfIGNMwrlhAs48A=&h=375&w=500&sz=68&hl=en&itbs=1&tbnid=J5Pe9oMPLYBW6M:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dice%2Bcream%26start%3D414%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26tbs%3Disch:1&start=424&sa=N&gbv=2&ndsp=18&tbs=isch:1

http://www.google.com.my/imglanding?q=ice%20cream&imgurl=http://www.kesher.org.uk/site/pic/ice-cream.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kesher.org.uk/site/events_listing.php&usg=__47aaWuChbUwvUaSfdDhdNZhKHrM=&h=380&w=360&sz=110&hl=en&itbs=1&tbnid=FdgMX9o2die0lM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dice%2Bcream%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26tbs%3Disch:1&sa=G&gbv=2&ndsp=18&tbs=isch:1&start=5

The Death and Life of ICE-CREAM~~~

secret about PERFUME in our lives

Smells good~~~

Perfume is known as a fragrance that nowadays most people are concerned of. Every day as we see, so many perfume products are launched to the society...so, what's the mysterious thing that we hide from it???Let's go check about it...

95% of chemicals of fragrance is derived from petroleum, such as benzene derivatives, aldehyde etc. The perfume smell good and it make us feel more confident in some ways. Do you know that perfume is first discovered by the Egyptian??? And then, France has introduced and developed it ...so, that's why we just know that France is popular with perfume...

In Latin, perfume is 'per fumus' and it gives the meaning of through smoke.

Industrial factory use many kind of techniques to derive perfume. These are absolute, concrete, essential oil, pomade and tincture. The anti-oxidant and colorants help to improve the marketability and the shelf life of perfume. Perfume also can't expose to heat, light, oxygen and extraneous organic materials. This will cause the degradation and break down of the molecules.

Typically, types of perfumes are differentiates according to the concentration of aromatic compound in a solvent, which are ethanol or a mixture of water and ethanol. The concentration by percent/volume of perfume as follows:

· Perfume extract (Extrait): 15-40% (IFRA: typical 20%) aromatic compounds

· Eau de Parfum (EdP), Parfum de Toilette (PdT): 10-20% (typical ~15%) aromatic compounds. Sometimes listed as "eau de perfume" or "millésime".

· Eau de Toilette (EdT): 5-15% (typical ~10%) aromatic compounds

· Eau de Cologne (EdC): Chypre citrus type perfumes with 3-8% (typical ~5%) aromatic compounds

· Splash and After shave: 1-3% aromatic compounds

There are three sets of fragrance notes that show different stages of evaporation process of the perfume. Top notes is the scent that is perceived immediately on application of a perfume. It consists of small and light molecules which will evaporate quickly. They form the initial impression of a perfume and thus, it is important in the commercial selling aspects. It is also known as head notes. Middle notes is the scent that emerges just prior to when the top notes dissipate. The compounds will form the “heart” or main body of a perfume that acted to mask the unpleasant impression of base notes. It is also known as heart notes. Base notes is the final stages which appears close to the departure of the middle notes. It is the main theme of a perfume when it combines with middle notes. It brings depth and solidity to a perfume. The compounds that contained in it are concentrated which usually not perceived until 30 minutes after application.

In tradition, fragrances are classified to seven categories such as Single Floral, Floral Bouquet, Ambered or Oriental, Wood, Leather, Chypre and Fougère. But in modern days, modern scents are categorized into six main categories which are Bright Floral, Green, Aquatic, Ocean, or Ozonic, Citrus, Fruity and Gourmand.

Estée Lauder, Tommy Hilfiger, Ralph Lauren and Calvin Klein are the top brands of perfume in US. For European brands, Chanel, Cartier, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Giorgio Armani, Gucci, Roberto Cavalli, Bvlgari, Prada and Dolce & Gabbana are the famous perfume brands which hit market in USA.

As we know recently, some substances in perfume are harmful to us. The US Environmental Protection Agency Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) listed 20 common ingredients on the EPA’s Hazardous Waste List such as Benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, camphor, ethanol, ethyl acetate, limonene, linalool, aPinene, g-Terpinene, and a-Terpinene. These are the chemicals that make us feel sick when we use perfume. On the other hand, perfumers are also affecting the environmental balance such as pollution, species endangerment and safety regulation.

So, watch out of these substances in the perfume that you might be using it....don't take it easy, you may regret if you don't look through it...
STAY TUNED for next post,.....
I will be back...

References…

http://www.ourlittleplace.com/chemicals.html

http://www.ehow.com/about_4674296_what-chemicals-perfume.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume

Diamond and Chemistry

Diamond and Chemistry

The word 'diamond' derives from Greek adamao, meaning 'I tame' or 'I subdue' or the related
word adamas, which means 'hardest steel' or 'hardest substance'. Everyone knows diamonds are hard and beautiful, but did you know a diamond could be the oldest material you might own?

While the rock in which diamonds are found may be 50 to 1,600 million years old, the diamonds themselves are approximately 3.3 billion years old. This discrepancy is because the volcanic magma that solidifies into rock where diamonds are found did not create them, but only transported the diamonds from the Earth's mantle to the surface. Diamonds also may be formed under the high pressures and temperatures at the site of meteorite impacts. The diamonds formed during an impact may be relatively 'young', but some meteorites contain star dust, debris from the death of a star, which may include diamond crystals. One such meteorite is known to contain tiny diamonds over 5 billion years old. These diamonds are older than our solar system! Start with Carbon
Understanding the chemistry of a diamond requires a basic knowledge of the element carbon. A neutral carbon atom has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus, balanced by 6 electrons. The electron shell configuration of carbon is 1s22s22p2. Carbon has a valence of 4, since 4 electrons can be accepted to fill the 2p orbital.

Diamond is made up of repeating units of carbon atoms joined to four other carbon atoms via the strongest chemical linkage, covalent bonds. Each carbon atom is in a rigid tetrahedral network where it is equidistant from its neighboring carbon atoms. The structural unit of diamond consists of 8 atoms, fundamentally arranged in a cube. This network is very stable and rigid, which is why diamonds are so very hard and have a high melting point.
Virtually all carbon on Earth comes from the stars.

Studying the isotopic ratio of the carbon in a diamond makes it possible to trace the history of the carbon. For example, at the earth's surface the ratio of isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-13 is slightly different from that of star dust. Also, certain biological processes actively sort carbon isotopes according to mass, so the isotopic ratio of carbon that has been in living things is different from that of the Earth or the stars. Thus it is known that the carbon for most natural diamonds comes most recently from the mantle, but the carbon for a few diamonds is recycled carbon of microorganisms, formed into diamonds by the earth's crust via plate tectonics. Some minute diamonds that are generated by meteorites are from carbon available at the site of impact; some diamond crystals within meteorites are still fresh from the stars.
Crystal Structure
The crystal structure of a diamond is a face-centered cubic or FCC lattice. Each carbon atom joins four other carbon atoms in regular tetrahedrons (triangular prisms). Based on the cubic form and its highly symmetrical arrangement of atoms, diamond crystals can develop into several different shapes, known as 'crystal habits'. The most common crystal habit is the eight-sided octahedron or diamond shape. Diamond crystals can also form cubes, dodecahedra, and combinations of these shapes. Except for two shape classes, these structures are manifestations of the cubic crystal system. One exception is the flat form called a macle, which is really a composite crystal, and the other exception is the class of etched crystals, which have rounded surfaces and may have elongated shapes. Real diamond crystals don't have completely smooth faces, but may have raised or indented triangular growths called 'trigons'. Diamonds have perfect cleavage in four different directions, meaning a diamond will separate neatly along these directions rather than break in a jagged manner. The lines of cleavage result from the diamond crystal having fewer chemical bonds along the plane of its octahedral face than in other directions. Diamond cutters take advantage of lines of cleavage to facet gemstones.
Graphite is only a few electron volts more stable than diamond, but the activation barrier for conversion requires almost as much energy as destroying the entire lattice and rebuilding it. Therefore, once diamond is formed, it will not reconvert back to graphite because the barrier is too high. Diamonds are said to be metastable, since they are kinetically rather than thermodynamically stable. Under the high pressure and temperature conditions needed to form diamond its form is actually more stable than graphite, and so over millions of years carbonaceous deposits may slowly crystallize into diamond.

Beauty Life

Our world is created with many beauties which we can see in nature, in human and all around. Women always looking for fantasy Beauty. We live with so much of desire and that is the woman nature to be beautiful. For this reason since we get up on morning until night we use skin care, hair care, cosmetic,… product. We wear jewelry and most of girls like to have diamond ring before marriage! Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts and many other types of products. A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. The cosmetics and personal care industry is one of the fastest emerging industries of today -- innovation and education is what it takes to stay at the forefront with every cosmetic product and personal care brand. Keep ahead of the market place with a quality education that moves with the trends and provides you with confidence to formulate and develop a variety of cosmetic and personal care products to suit individual needs. The use of cosmetics is not a modern phenomenon. Most of us – males and females – care about our appearance. So, nowadays, cosmetic is not only use by females. It will become necessaries of life in future!

There are some introduce below:

Cream (pharmaceutical)-
A cream is a topical preparation usually for application to the skin. A cream consists of two agents, oil and water, that combine to form an emulsion of oil (50%) in water (50%). This form helps the medication contained within to penetrate the stratum corneum, the horny outer layer of the skin.



Lotion-
Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions using a substance such as cetearyl alcohol to keep the emulsion together, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. The key components of a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are the aqueous and oily phases, an emulgent to prevent separation of these two phases, and, if used, the drug substance or substances. A wide variety of other ingredients such as fragrances, glycerol, petroleum jelly, dyes, preservatives, proteins and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.


Lipstick-
Lipstick contains a variety of waxes, oils, pigments, and emollients. The wax gives lipstick its shape and ease of application. Among the waxes are beeswax, a substance obtained from bee honeycombs that consists of esters of straight-chain monohydric alcohols with even-numbered carbon chains from C24 to C36 and straight-chain acids also having even numbers of carbon atoms up to C36. Other waxes include carnauba wax. The oils and fats used in lipstick include olive oil, mineral oil, castor oil, cocoa butter, lanolin, and petrolatum.




Nail polish-
Nail polishes are made of nitrocellulose,a long-lasting, film-forming agent derived from cellulose Basic components included are: film forming agents, resins and plasticizers, solvents, and coloring agents. Adhesive polymers (e.g. tosylamide-formaldehyde resin) ensure the nitrocellulose adheres to the nail's surface. Plasticizers (e.g. camphor) are chemicals that link between polymer chains, spacing them to make the film sufficiently flexible after drying. Pigments and sparkling particles (e.g. mica) add desired color and reflecting characteristics. Thickening agents (e.g. stearalkonium hectorite) are added to maintain the sparkling particles in suspension while in the bottle. Nail polish ingredients often include toluene.
Nail polish makers are under pressure to reduce or eliminate toxic ingredients, including phthalates, toluene, and formaldehyde. Water-based nail polish is based on an acrylic polymer emulsion (e.g. styrene-acrylate copolymer).


Powder-
Powder is frequently added to other agents to make shake lotions and pastes. A common powder prescribed by dermatologist is zinc oxide. Powders should never be applied to skin creases when the skin is “weeping” as clumps may form that rub and irritate the skin, making the condition worse. It is uses to decreases friction on skin-to-skin surfaces and promotes drying of sweaty and oozing lesions.

Hair spray-
The solvent component is carbon, fluorine, and chlorine (CFC). CFCs are nontoxic, nonflammable, and make almost ideal aerosol propellants. One of the polymers used is polyvinylpyrrolidone, which is also used to glue the layers of wood in plywood together. A non-water soluble polymer called polydimethylsiloxane is added to make the hold last a bit longer (the polyvinylpyrrolidine is water soluble). Other polymers used in plastic-based hairsprays are copolymers with vinyl acetate and copolymers with maleic anhydride.Some hair sprays use natural polymers and solvents like vegetable gums dissolved in alcohol.

Contact Lens Solution-
There are come in two types, peroxide and multipurpose solutions. Both contain cleaners, such as bisphosphonate compounds, to break down proteins adhering to lenses or surfactants, such as block copolymers, to interfere with the protein-lens interactions. The solutions also typically contain moisturizing or conditioning agents such as cellulose, propylene glycol, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.

Power of make up!

References...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics